AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences
AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences (AJMAS), eISSN:2707-7179, is an international peer-reviewed open access journal that provides a high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and Applied Sciences. AJMAS operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. The journal is owned by the University of Tripoli Alahlia, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team Editorial Office in Charge Dr. Ahmed Atia editorajmas@gmail.com 00218910737929
Discipline in Disguise: A Foucauldian Perspective on Agile at Scale
This study critically examines the transformation of Agile methodologies when scaled within large organizations, focusing on frameworks such as SAFe® and LeSS. Originally intended to foster flexibility, autonomy, and collaboration, Agile in its scaled form often reintroduces hierarchical controls, creating what is termed a paradox of “discipline in disguise.” While these frameworks claim to enhance empowerment and adaptability, they frequently institutionalize mechanisms of surveillance and normalization through rituals, metrics, and digital tools. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s concepts of disciplinary power, panopticism, and governmentality, this research analyzes how practices such as daily stand-ups, Agile boards, and coaching roles serve as instruments of subtle control. Findings suggest that transparency mechanisms—such as dashboards and progress metrics—promote self-monitoring and conformity, reducing psychological safety and innovation. Agile coaches further reinforce organizational norms under the guise of facilitation, creating decentralized yet pervasive governance. This paper contributes to critical management studies by reframing scaled Agile as both enabling and constraining. It argues for reflexive implementations that maintain Agile’s core values while mitigating disciplinary tendencies embedded in its structures. The analysis highlights the tension between autonomy and control, urging organizations to preserve adaptability without reinforcing bureaucratic practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed M-hasni, Ousama Awad, Aeman Masbah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Preliminary Investigation of Lapis Judaicus as a Natural Anti-Nephrolithic Agent: Physicochemical Characterization and Pilot In Vivo Study in Albino Mice
Kidney stones represent a significant global health burden, with calcium oxalate stones accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Traditional medicine systems have long utilized natural remedies for urolithiasis management, among which Lapis Judaicus (Hajar al-Yahood) holds a prominent position in Unani and Middle Eastern medicine. This preliminary experimental study investigated the litholytic potential of Lapis Judaicus using two distinct natural vehicles: lemon juice and yogurt. Four groups of male albino mice were employed: one healthy control, one nephrolithiasis group induced by calcium oxalate (80 mg/kg) over four consecutive days, and two treatment groups orally administered Lapis Judaicus (250 mg/kg) suspended in either lemon juice or yogurt for six days. Histopathological examination revealed complete dissolution of kidney stones and restoration of normal renal architecture in the mice treated with Lapis Judaicus in lemon juice, whereas the yogurt-treated group showed partial improvement with a noticeable reduction in stone size and number. Interestingly, although prior solubility tests indicated superior dissolution of Lapis Judaicus under acidic conditions (49.83% at pH 3.0), the acidic lemon juice vehicle demonstrated remarkable in vivo efficacy, suggesting the involvement of additional biological or chemical synergistic factors. These findings provide preliminary support for the traditional use of Lapis Judaicus in kidney stone management and highlight the potential of citrus-based delivery systems to enhance its litholytic activity. Further comprehensive studies are crucial to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action, optimize therapeutic dosing regimens, and establish safety profiles for potential clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awatf Abadi, Malak Eljafari , Heba Kashker, Asma Almijrab, Laila Ferrara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Clinical and Functional Outcomes Following Total Knee Replacement Surgery at Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly effective surgical intervention for end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA). While recognized for its efficacy in pain relief, achieving optimal functional outcomes necessitates comprehensive management. This study evaluates the clinical and functional outcomes of TKA performed at Ibn Sina teaching hospital over 18 months 18 months (January 2024 to June 2025). A combined prospective and retrospective observational study was conducted on 100 patients with primary or secondary osteoarthritis who underwent TKA. Outcomes were assessed using the Knee Society Score (KSS) Grading and Range of motion (ROM) measurements. The mean age of the cohort was 67.06 years, with a pronounced female predominance (82%). KSS grading demonstrated an outstanding success rate: 100% of patients achieved an outcome categorized as good or better (62% excellent, 25% very good, and 13% good). The mean ROM improved from 76.6∘ pre-operatively to 80.2∘ post-operatively. The TKA program at Ibn Sina teaching hospital achieves clinical and functional outcomes that meet or exceed international success Benchmarks, reinforcing the procedure's role as a highly effective treatment for advanced knee OA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salah Eldeen Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Day-Case Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Single-Center Experience from Benghazi Medical Center
Day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is widely recognized as a safe and cost-effective treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, anesthesia, and perioperative care have facilitated early discharge without increasing postoperative morbidity. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Benghazi Medical Center, Benghazi, Libya. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and December 2022 and included 315 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Patients with complicated gallstone disease, emergency procedures, or concomitant surgeries were excluded. Demographic data, comorbidities, operative findings, postoperative outcomes, length of hospital stay (LOS), and readmission rates were analyzed. Patients were grouped according to hospital stay (≤24 hours and >24 hours). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The median age was 38 years (IQR 20–50), and 91.7% of patients were female. Most patients (87%) had no significant comorbidities. The mean postoperative LOS was 1.2 ± 0.57 days. Twenty-three patients (7.3%) were discharged on the same day, and 231 (73.3%) were discharged within 24 hours. Conversion to open surgery occurred in 4.1% of cases. The overall complication rate was low, and the readmission rate was 1.6%. Drain placement was significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay (P < 0.001), while other demographic and clinical variables showed no significant association. Day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Benghazi Medical Center is feasible and safe. With proper patient selection and optimized perioperative management, early discharge can be achieved with low complication and readmission rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar Eldurssi, Moftah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Temperature on the Accuracy of Postmortem Interval Estimation Based on the Larval Growth of the Green Bottle Fly Lucilia sericata Using Isomegalen Diagrams
Forensic entomology provides essential tools for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), particularly when traditional pathological methods are limited. This study investigates the larval development of Lucilia sericata (green bottle fly) under realistic environmental conditions to evaluate the influence of temperature on PMI estimation. Two rabbit carcasses were monitored during February 2025, with daily temperatures ranging from 14.65°C to 15.5°C. Larvae were collected, measured, and analyzed using isomegalen charts to determine developmental durations. Results indicated that even a minor difference of 1°C between sampling periods significantly affected total larval development, with Sample A requiring 235 hours and Sample B 198 hours to reach maximum lengths. The hatching period remained relatively stable (30–32 hours), suggesting early developmental stages are less sensitive to small temperature variations. A clear difference was observed between temperature conditions based on larval growth patterns derived from the isomegalen chart. The findings indicate that relying on local temperature data, larval measurements, and population-specific developmental references plays a crucial role in improving the accuracy of PMI estimation. Incorporating precise environmental and experimental data enhances the reliability of forensic entomology as an effective tool in legal investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Elhammi, Nawal Mahfoud, Hamida Jbr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urinary Catheter-Associated Microbial Colonization in Libya: Microbial Profile, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Challenges in Empirical Treatment
Catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) is one of the most frequent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), particularly in critically ill patients, where indwelling urinary catheters are commonly used. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess the microbial colonization profile and evaluate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotics usage patterns among patients admitted to medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) at Maitega Military Hospital in Tripoli, Libya. A total of 100 urinary catheters, removed from patients aged over 18 years and inserted for at least 24 hours, were collected and analyzed. Catheter tips were aseptically processed, sonicated to release biofilm-associated bacteria, and cultured on various selective and non-selective media. Microbial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data collected included demographics, clinical history, and details concerning the type and duration of catheterization. All catheters showed evidence of microbial colonization, with a total of 114 isolates obtained, representing 17 microbial species. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (20.2%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.3%), Pantoea spp. (8.8%). Notably, several isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), particularly among Gram-negative bacteria, and ESBL production was detected in a significant subset of E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates. Statistical analysis revealed that catheter duration was significantly longer in ICU patients compared to other departments (p=0.034). Out of 26 factors analyzed, five independent risk factors were identified for colonization with ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria: a prior UTI diagnosis, previous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins, a history of diabetes mellitus, and bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones and nitrofurantoin. This study highlights the widespread colonization of urinary catheters and the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms in ICU settings. The findings underscore the critical need for rigorous infection control practices, routine surveillance of catheter-associated infections, and the implementation of targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tahani Nsair, Tarek Gibreel, Elloulu BenDarif, Amal Ben Drief, Mouna Elgadhafi, Haytham Al-Salim, Bashir Nsair, Marwa Gamra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Graph Neural Networks for Predicting Urban Service Demand from Sparse Mobility Signals
Predicting the demand for services in urban cities has become one of the main challenges in large-scale planning for smart cities, as traditional approaches rely on population movement data in terms of direction and continuity. However, these data are often incomplete or limited due to technical and cost constraints or in terms of specificity. In this study, an intelligent system was presented to predict service demand in urban cities, relying on neural networks in the presence of limited population movement signals. In this system, the city was represented as a graph where nodes represent urban areas and edges represent spatial relationships between them. The proposed model allows benefiting from the spatial interconnections between areas to compensate for the direct lack of data. The results obtained show that the model based on neural networks achieves ordinary accuracy and better stability, especially compared to the traditional model in areas suffering from data scarcity, where the regression accuracy was R2 = 0.8.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Altawil, Hanan Alhaji , Ilsaddeq Ilbendago https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Patients with COVID-19: A Laboratory-Based Observational Research Study
COVID-19 represents a significant health crisis due to its high transmissibility and elevated mortality rates among critically ill patients. The understanding of the pathological and physiological mechanisms, as well as the diagnostic approaches for COVID-19, remains in the early stages of investigation. Effective clinical monitoring and suitable treatment strategies are crucial for reducing mortality rates. This study aimed to measure the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. A retrospective study was carried out in the Yafran Pathology Center and Analysis Laboratory, Andalusia District, where blood samples from confirmed COVID-19 positive patients were processed following standard laboratory protocols. CRP and ferritin levels were assessed using the Integra 400Plus system. The study involved 117 patients, including both males and females, and they were categorized according to age into groups. 0-17 years, 18-34 years, 35-49 years, 50-64 years, 65 years and older. In conclusion, elevated CRP levels are associated with a more severe disease trajectory, linked to lung damage and poorer prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalla Hamed, Fati Alshourif, Mohamed Elwafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Low and High Sodium and Potassium Levels and Blood Pressure in Both Genders of Different Ages
Hypertension is a major global health concern influenced by multiple factors, including electrolyte imbalances. Sodium and potassium play critical roles in blood pressure regulation, yet their effects may vary based on gender and age. This study investigates the relationship between sodium and potassium levels and blood pressure among males and females of different age groups to provide insights into hypertension risk factors and management strategies. A total of 90 participants were recruited and categorized into control and patient groups. The sample consisted of 50 males and 40 females, with 40 participants in the control group and 50 in the patient group. Blood samples were analyzed to determine sodium and potassium concentrations, and blood pressure measurements were recorded. The mean and standard deviation of these parameters were compared across gender and age groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess relationships between sodium, potassium, and blood pressure in male and female participants. The study found that sodium levels were generally higher in male participants compared to females, with a stronger correlation between sodium and blood pressure observed in female patients. Potassium levels showed a negative correlation with blood pressure, particularly in males, suggesting a protective effect. Additionally, older participants exhibited greater sensitivity to electrolyte imbalances, indicating that age plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. Statistical analysis revealed significant gender-based differences in how sodium and potassium levels influence blood pressure, supporting the need for personalized dietary and medical recommendations. The findings suggest that high sodium intake contributes to elevated blood pressure, especially in female patients, while increased potassium levels may help lower blood pressure, particularly in males. Age-related variations highlight the importance of monitoring electrolyte balance in older individuals. These results reinforce the importance of dietary modifications that reduce sodium and enhance potassium intake as part of hypertension management strategies. Future research should explore gender-specific and age-related interventions to optimize cardiovascular health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amani ALayat, Ebtisam Bazzaqah, Retage Jumaa, Takwa Edal, Amjad Break, Uomna Al-Dawe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Brucellosis on Reproductive Performance of Small Ruminants in Al-Qaryat, Libya
Brucellosis is among the zoonotic diseases that have been affecting small ruminants and have had an impact on them, especially during their reproductive period. Therefore, the aim of this study was mainly to establish the prevalence of brucellosis in the Al-Qaryat region and its impact on small ruminant reproduction. 120 small ruminants were used for this study, 50 being goats and 70 being sheep from different farms. The blood samples of these animals were drawn for the purpose of carrying out a test that would determine whether they had acquired brucellosis or not. From the research, 28 had brucellosis, representing 23.3%, while 92 had not, representing 76.7% of the entire sample. In addition, it was demonstrated that animals with brucellosis had more reproductive problems compared to animals without the disease. For example, it was demonstrated that 39.3% of animals with brucellosis had abortions compared to only 9.8% of animals without the disease. In addition, it was also found that the fertility rates were low, lambing/kidding intervals were long, and stillbirths were high among the infected animals. This is supported by the statistical analysis, which showed a significant relationship between the infection of tiny ruminants by brucellosis and reproductive problems. This result unequivocally shows that brucellosis impacts the reproduction of tiny ruminants. It is therefore important to apply advanced methods of biosecurity, vaccination, and surveillance in the prevention of brucellosis in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhlaas Dakheel, Najat Almabrouk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inbreeding in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya: Evidence from the Fixation Index and Heterozygosity of Blood Groups
This study investigates levels of inbreeding among several towns in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of Libya using the ABO blood group system as a genetic marker. Analyses focused on observed heterozygosity (HO), expected heterozygosity (HE), and the fixation index (FIS), an estimate of the inbreeding coefficient. The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test was used to compare the proportions of the FIS across different towns. Results showed a large variation in genetic diversity across towns. The HO ranged from 0.380 to 0.550, with Derna, Maraweh, and Shahat showing the highest diversity. In contrast, Al-Bayadah, Al-Haniya, Al-Qubah, and Qandula displayed high positive FIS values, indicating an excess of homozygotes and suggesting high inbreeding within these local populations. However, there is no statistically significant difference in the FIS of ABO blood types across towns in Al‑Jabal Al‑Akhdar. These findings highlight the need for further genetic and demographic studies to understand the factors that contribute to population inbreeding and substructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Aljebali, Nisreen Sulaiman , Ahmad Mansur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Hydatidosis in Sheep, Goats, Cattle, and Camels Slaughtered in Selected Abattoirs in Sabratha City, Libya
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread zoonotic parasitic disease that negatively affects both human health and livestock productivity. It represents a major medical and economic concern in many developing countries, including Libya. Nevertheless, the economic impact of CE in most endemic regions remains poorly characterized. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of hydatid cyst infection in key livestock species slaughtered in Sabratha, Libya. A total of 8,907 animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, and camels, were examined through post-mortem inspection of visceral organs. Overall prevalence varied significantly among species (p < 0.05), with cattle showing the highest infection rate (5.806%), followed by goats (4.942%), camels (4.292%), and sheep (3.447%). Seasonal analysis revealed higher prevalence during winter and spring, suggesting environmental influences on parasite transmission. Age-related patterns indicated consistently higher infection rates in older animals, supporting the role of cumulative exposure. Organ distribution analysis showed the liver and lungs as the most frequently affected organs across species. Females exhibited higher prevalence than males, likely reflecting management practices and longevity within herds. No significant difference was detected between local and imported animals, indicating widespread environmental contamination. These findings confirm the endemic nature of cystic echinococcosis in the study area and highlight the importance of integrated control measures, including improved slaughterhouse hygiene, proper offal disposal, and regular deworming of dogs. The study provides essential baseline epidemiological data to support surveillance programs and targeted control strategies in western Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Murshid, Tarek Zahmol, Elmabrok Masaoud, Elmabruk Gamag, Ayiman Almabrouk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drug Utilization Study in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Zawia Medical Center, Zawia, Libya
Drug utilization research was critical in assessing medication prescribing, use, and management. This was particularly important in neonatal intensive care units, where evidence from clinical trials was limited, and treatment decisions relied heavily on real-world practice. This study aimed to analyze drug utilization patterns and evaluate prescribing practices using the WHO core indicators. A cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Zawia, Libya, from September to December 2023. Data from neonates who received at least one medication were collected, including demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, and prescribed drugs. Medications were categorized using the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, and prescribing practices were evaluated using World Health Organization core indicators. Of the 372 neonates admitted, 167 met the inclusion criteria. The mean length of stay was 7.52 days, with a discharge rate of 55.7% and a mortality rate of 17.4%. Neonatal sepsis (71.2%) and respiratory distress syndrome (50.3%) were the most prevalent conditions. A total of 853 medications were prescribed, with anti-infective agents accounting for 68.2%. Gentamicin (98.2%) and ampicillin (96.4%) were the most frequently used medications. The average number of drugs per neonate was 5.1, and 96.8% of prescribed drugs were listed in the Libyan Essential Medicines List. The findings emphasized the importance of effective antibiotic stewardship and strengthened infection control to prevent neonatal complications. Strategies such as the active participation of clinical pharmacists and the implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring were recommended to optimize medication use, enhance medication safety, and improve treatment outcomes in neonatal intensive care units.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naema Alouzi, Fathia Murabet, Mufida Yamane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MSA: A Multi-Key Block Encryption Algorithm with 3×3 Random Matrix Keys for Enhanced Data Security
This paper presents a novel block encryption and decryption algorithm, referred to as the MSA algorithm, which is fundamentally based on block-based cryptographic principles. In the proposed scheme, the plaintext is first arranged into a matrix of size and then partitioned into a set of matrix blocks. The MSA algorithm performs block encryption by encrypting each block independently using two distinct encryption keys that are automatically generated for each block. A unique pair of keys is assigned to every block, where the keys are square matrices with the same dimensions as the blocks and are generated through an indirect mathematical mechanism. Each element within a block is encrypted individually through a combined and highly complex mathematical process that simultaneously relies on both keys. This block-wise, element-level encryption significantly increases the algorithm’s complexity and enhances its resistance to cryptanalytic attacks. After encrypting all blocks, the ciphertext blocks are reassembled into an encrypted matrix that preserves the original dimensions of the plaintext matrix prior to block partitioning. During the decryption phase, the encrypted matrix is again divided into blocks. However, the decryption keys are mathematically generated from the original encryption keys and differ from them in both size and structure, as they are represented by matrices. These keys are produced through a controlled, randomized permutation of the encryption key elements. Each encrypted element is then decrypted individually using the corresponding decryption keys, ensuring accurate recovery of the original plaintext. The proposed MSA algorithm adopts an advanced block-based encryption methodology aimed at enhancing information security, providing effective protection for sensitive data, and reducing the risk of unauthorized access, thereby offering improved security and efficiency compared to many conventional block encryption schemes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Abdulsamad, Mohanad Seyam, Samyrah Abu Irzayzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Spatiotemporal Query Performance in PostGIS Through Composite GiST Indexes
The increasing volume of spatiotemporal trajectory data generated by IoT and smart city applications presents major challenges for efficient query processing in relational databases. Although PostgreSQL with PostGIS offers strong spatial capabilities, compound queries involving both spatial and temporal constraints often experience high latency due to reliance on separate indexing strategies. This study investigates the use of composite Generalized Search Tree (GiST) indexing as an effective solution for optimizing multidimensional spatiotemporal queries. A controlled experimental evaluation was conducted using a synthetic dataset of 10 million records to compare query performance before and after implementing a multi-column GiST index with the gist_timestamptz_ops operator class. Results demonstrate a significant improvement in execution time, reducing query latency from 1490 ms to 31.38 ms, achieving a 47.5-fold speedup. The findings confirm that composite GiST indexing enables real-time performance for complex spatiotemporal workloads and provides a practical, reproducible approach for enhancing query efficiency in high-volume PostGIS environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisha Yousef, Anwar Alhenshiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Types and Risk Factors of Male Infertility in Benghazi Teaching Hospital for Fertility and Assisted Reproduction. Cross sectional study
Male infertility is a significant global health concern, accounting for 40–50% of infertility cases in couples. Despite its prevalence, limited research has been conducted on the causes and risk factors of this condition in Libya. The aim is to determine the types of infertility in men as well as to determine the socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors in infertile men from Benghazi who have been referred to Benghazi Teaching Hospital for Fertility and Assisted Reproduction. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted, including male patients who were referred to the hospital between 2022 and 2023. Among the 99 participants, 48.5% were aged 36–46 years, and 61% had primary infertility. Semen abnormalities were prevalent, with oligospermia (30.3%), asthenospermia (27.3%), and teratospermia (15.2%) as the most common. Smoking was reported by 52.5% of participants, obesity by 19.2%, and varicocele by 18.2. Semen abnormalities and modifiable risk factors, particularly varicocele, are major contributors to male infertility at Benghazi Hospital.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Elsaid, Aynoor Eltajouri, Ali Benismail, Abaq Ellafi, Ahmed Ajoudah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First Cytogenetic and Karyomorphological Analysis of Two Endemic Plant Species, Arbutus pavarii and Origanum cyrenaicum, from Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya
This study provides the first cytogenetic and karyomorphological analysis of two endemic Libyan plant species, Arbutus pavarii (Ericaceae) and Origanum cyrenaicum (Lamiaceae), collected from Tolmitha and Al-Gubba sites, respectively, in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, Libya. Chromosome number, karyotype structure, and a comprehensive set of karyomorphological parameters were investigated, including chromosome length, arm ratio, centromere index, symmetry indices, and intra- and interchromosomal asymmetry indices. The results showed that Arbutus pavarii is diploid with 2n = 2x = 26 and a karyotype formula of 4M + 16m + 6sm (4SAT), whereas Origanum cyrenaicum has 2n = 2x = 30 with a karyotype formula of 6M + 16m + 8sm (3SAT). Both species possess small-sized chromosomes, ranging from 3.09 ± 0.03 µm in Arbutus pavarii to 1.98 ± 0.02 µm in Origanum cyrenaicum. According to Stebbins’ classification, the karyotypes of both species fall into type 1A, indicating a high degree of symmetry. Satellites were detected on four chromosome pairs in Arbutus pavarii and three pairs in Origanum cyrenaicum. These findings represent the first documented karyotypes of both species and provide baseline cytogenetic data that enhance their genetic characterization and support future taxonomic, evolutionary, and conservation studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamila Bashasha, Yousif Imryed, Halima Adam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinicopathological Characteristics of Gastritis Associated with Helicobacter pylori: A Two-Year Retrospective Analysis
Helicobacter pylori infection continues to represent one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections on a global scale and constitutes a principal etiological factor for gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies. The present investigation sought to delineate the clinicopathological attributes of H. pylori-related gastritis among individuals subjected to endoscopic assessment. A retrospective review was performed on 82 histologically verified cases of H. pylori infection identified from gastric mucosal biopsies collected over a 24-month interval (2023-2024) at private healthcare facilities situated in the western region of Libya. Variables including demographic parameters, clinical manifestations, endoscopic observations, and histopathological severity were evaluated employing standardized histopathological criteria. The investigation encompassed 82 participants with a mean chronological age of 39.3 ± 18.0 years (spanning 13-77 years). Female subjects constituted the majority (62.2% versus 37.8%). The preponderance of cases (78.0%) exhibited active chronic gastritis, with moderate severity representing the most frequent finding (46.3%), followed by severe (29.3%) and mild (13.4%) presentations. Epigastric discomfort emerged as the principal presenting manifestation (63.4%). Concomitant pathological discoveries encompassed duodenitis (12.2%), ulcerative or erosive lesions (6.1%), and intestinal metaplasia (3.7%). These findings indicate a substantial prevalence of active H. pylori infection across diverse age demographics, with a marked female preponderance. The considerable proportion of moderate to severe active gastritis emphasizes the necessity of timely diagnostic evaluation and eradication therapy to avert progression toward more severe sequelae, including gastric carcinoma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurraouf Zaet, Mohamed Alghoj, Ibrahim Eswaey, Nuri Ahwij, Hanan Alwuheeshi, Altayeb Elazomi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Compensatory Algebraic Operator for Fuzzy Matrices Based on the Arithmetic Mean (SAM)
In this research, we introduce a new, more balanced approach called the Substitution Arithmetic Mean (SAM) operator. In fuzzy matrix theory, the standard Max-Min operator has a well-known problem; it consistently focuses on the smallest values, which causes the data to fade away or decay toward zero when we perform multiple operations. The introduction of a new (SAM) uses a compensatory logic that allows stronger data points to support weaker ones' loss. Through mathematical proofs and examples, we show that our (SAM) operator performs better than classical methods and keeps the data's meaning intact, which makes it a more reliable tool for real-world decision making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abear Saed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Barriers Toward AI in Dental Prosthesis Design in Benghazi, Libya
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing dental practice, particularly in prosthodontics, by enhancing precision, efficiency, and patient-specific outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers related to AI-assisted prosthesis design among dentists and dental technicians in Benghazi, Libya. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 204 participants, including 189 dentists and 15 dental technicians, using a structured questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers, with responses recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis explored differences based on professional experience and role. Results showed moderate knowledge (mean ± SD: 3.48 ± 0.61) and generally positive attitudes (3.90 ± 0.71), but current practical use remained limited (practices 3.69 ± 0.65). The main barriers were lack of training (3.82 ± 0.90) and high cost (3.66 ± 0.90), while concern about AI replacing human roles was low (2.81 ± 1.14). Participants with more than 10 years of experience had significantly more favorable attitudes (p = 0.016) and perceived fewer barriers (p = 0.036). These findings indicate that dental professionals are receptive to AI in prosthesis design, but structured training, practical workshops, and improved accessibility of AI tools are essential to promote effective integration into clinical and laboratory workflows.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salma Elnaili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancements in Embedded Neurorehabilitation: Integrating Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Recovery in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) remains one of the most common motor disabilities in childhood, often leading to significant impairments in upper limb function that affect activities of daily living (ADLs). This study introduces an innovative embedded neurorehabilitation system that synergistically combines robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR) to target elbow rehabilitation in children with CP. Two male participants, aged 8 and 14 years, underwent an 8-week intervention protocol at Barak General Hospital (BGH) and Wadi Alshatti University (WAU), consisting of 5 sessions per week, each lasting 70 minutes. The system facilitated personalized, adaptive therapy through real-time AI-driven adjustments and immersive VR environments. Pre- and post-intervention assessments demonstrated remarkable improvements: both children achieved full restoration of elbow range of motion (ROM) and regained ADL capabilities, as measured by standardized tools such as the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Goniometry for ROM, and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). These findings underscore the potential of integrated technologies in enhancing neuroplasticity and functional outcomes in pediatric CP populations. Limitations include the small sample size, warranting larger-scale trials. This work paves the way for scalable, home-based neurorehabilitation solutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Elsaeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Future Production Prediction for Ghani Oil Field by using Prosper Software with Decline Curve Analysis
Nodal Analysis, defined as a systems approach to the optimization of oil and gas wells, is used to evaluate a complete producing system thoroughly. Every component in a producing well or all wells in a producing system can be optimized to achieve the objective flow rate most economically. In our study, two wells from the Ghani oil field have been used as a case study. Three production tests and a flowing pressure survey were collected and analysed using PROSPER Software to estimate the well productivity index at different times, as well as to calculate and plot the pressure gradient and compare the results obtained by different methods with the actual one. Consequently, to find the best method that gives us the least value of error comparing with actual one used to construct IPR-VLP performance (Nodal Analysis). The measured vertical flow pressures, for most wells, matched very well with the Fancher-Brown multiphase vertical correlation pressure. This behaviour is obtained because the wells are producing under natural flow. The sensitivity analysis has been performed to predict the future reservoir performance at different reservoir pressures, water cut, and Gas Oil Ratio (GOR). In the selected wells, the total oil reserves, remaining reserves and remaining productive life were estimated using Decline Curve Analysis (DCA), furthermore and at time in future, we could predict the future oil flow rate, reservoir pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure by linking the Decline Curve Analysis with the Nodal Analysis, finally, the prediction results revealed that the wells can continue producing for only a few more years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adel Traki, Hayat Alhaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Vanishing Cream Incorporating Moringa Oil
Herbal cream offers several advantages over other synthetic creams. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a vanishing cream incorporating Moringa Oleifera seed oil at various concentrations. The research specifically explored the feasibility of using natural beeswax as a substitute for the commonly used synthetic structuring agent, stearic acid. Eight formulations were developed across four concentration levels (High, Medium-1, Medium-2, and Low water content). The oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared by melting an oil phase (structuring agent, lanolin, cetyl alcohol, and Moringa oil) and blending it with an aqueous phase (water, KOH, and propylene glycol) at 70–75°C. The products underwent comprehensive quality control testing, including sensory evaluation, skin sensitivity, absorption time, washability, and pH stability. Our findings indicated that Moringa oil successfully incorporated into both stearic acid and beeswax cream bases without stability issues or air bubbles. Formulations with high water content (~85%) exhibited excellent spread ability and rapid absorption (under 1 minute), whereas lower water concentrations resulted in a greasier skin feel. Stearic acid formulations remained skin-compatible (pH 5.5–7.5), while beeswax formulations showed higher alkalinity (pH 8.0–8.8). All formulations were non-irritant in skin sensitivity tests. So, Moringa oil is a highly suitable candidate for vanishing creams, providing moisturizing and antioxidant benefits while maintaining physical stability. While beeswax is a viable natural alternative, stearic acid remains superior for maintaining optimal pH and the characteristic "vanishing" effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Aboshrida, Mehad Zoto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histopathological Alterations and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Mugil cephalus from Polluted Tripoli Coastline, Libya
The polluted coastal waters of Tripoli, Libya, driven by untreated sewage, pose significant health risks. This study investigated histopathological alterations in the kidneys and spleens, and isolated and identified multidrug-resistant bacteria from the kidneys of 20 Mugil cephalus specimens collected from anthropogenically stressed sites along the Tripoli coastline. Kidney tissues showed severe tubular necrosis, hyaline casts, glomerular atrophy, and interstitial mononuclear infiltration, while splenic tissues exhibited marked activation of the melanomacrophage centres (MMCs), vascular congestion, and multifocal granulomas. Bacteriological analysis of kidney homogenates detected growth in 60% of samples (mean 4.2 × 10⁵ CFU/g), predominantly multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (91.7% MDR), including Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter cloacae. These findings demonstrate an association between antibiotic-resistant bacteria and chronic tissue damage, with MDR profiles indicating potential zoonotic transmission. The identified lesions may serve as bioindicators for monitoring drug-resistant microbes, underscoring the urgent need for wastewater treatment and surveillance to protect marine ecosystems and public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Elbahi, Khawla Bukha, Shaima Mahgiubi, Samira Shlayek, Elham Elyasir, Mohamed Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of the 5‑HTT Linked Polymorphic Region among Faculty of Science Students and Its Association with General Mental Well‑Being
The short allele of the 5-HTTLPR, located within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene, has been linked with increased anxiety-related personality traits and affective disorders after exposure to stress. We aim to investigate the relationship between the short allele and the general well-being of Science Faculty students at the University of Misurata who have lived in Libya their whole lives and experienced the unrest of the past eight years. 226 participants were selected randomly, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used to assess their state of well-being. The OHQ results were used to divide the participants into three groups: the highest-scoring individuals, the lowest-scoring individuals, and those within the confidence interval for the mean of the sample. Members of each group were genotyped using conventional PCR analysis. Frequency test analysis showed the presence of a significant association between 5-HTTLPR and well-being in this sample, where the SS genotype was strongly associated with membership of the lowest-scoring group, while LL and LS were equally associated with that of the highest -scoring group.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Alilesh, Marwa Elwash, Ehsan Idris, Saad Aboualkasem, Rowida Altomi, Fatima Alzahra’a Alshebani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of Oil Recovery Factor for the Bouri field in Libya
Accurately estimating Recovery is pivotal to optimizing production strategies and maximizing economic returns in mature fields such as the Bouri Field. This study employs three methodologies: Volumetric, Material Balance Equation (MBE) utilizing MBAL software, and Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) to evaluate Recovery Factor with minimized estimation errors. Each method offers unique insights into reservoir characteristics, production history, and fluid dynamics, contributing to a comprehensive assessment of potential enhancements in oil recovery. By integrating these approaches, this study aims to identify the most effective strategy for predicting future production profiles and optimizing field development. Comparative analysis of results and evaluation of the uncertainties associated with each method will provide robust recommendations for achieving maximum oil-recovery efficiency at Bouri Field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayat Alhaj, Adel Traki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-Medication Patterns with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Among Healthcare Workers in Alkoms City: Analysis of Causes, Effects, and Preventive Strategies
Self-medication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without medical supervision represents a significant global public health concern, as it may lead to preventable adverse drug reactions and increased healthcare costs. This study looks at how common it is for healthcare workers and residents in Alkoms City, Libya, to take NSAIDs without a prescription. It also looks at the social and behavioral factors that lead to this, how they affect people, and how they can be stopped using evidence-based methods. A structured, validated questionnaire was used to conduct a descriptive, community-based, cross-sectional study with 100 randomly chosen adult subjects (most of whom were healthcare workers). The questionnaire asked about the subjects' racial and ethnic background, how often they used drugs, how much they knew about their uses and risks, and how they felt about seeing a doctor. We used SPSS version 26 to look at the data and descriptive statistics, and Chi-square tests to find links. A significant proportion of participants (20%) reported purchasing NSAIDs without prior medical consultation, indicating the presence of self-medication practices within the study population, which is also known as self-medication. A notable difference between male and female participants was observed, with males demonstrating a higher tendency toward self-medication practices: men (65%) were more likely to self-medicate than women (35%), which may be because of cultural norms about how people should act when they are looking for health care. Notably, 90% of those who answered said they had never had formal training in how to keep medications safe. This is a worrying result considering that 75% of the sample were healthcare workers. A statistically significant positive link was found between having more education and using medications correctly (p<0.05), which supports the idea that education is a major social factor that affects health. These results show that organized public health programs to help people learn more about medications are needed right away, and that rules about drugs need to be strictly enforced. NSAID self-medication and the health problems that come with it are becoming a bigger problem that needs more than one solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Dukali, Ahlaam Amteer, Naema Salem, Ahed Al-Shubeir, Afaf Al-Sharif, Wafa Al-Taeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Malocclusion with Oral Health–Related Quality of Life and Socioeconomic Status among Libyan Schoolchildren
Malocclusion is a major contributor to oral health issues and has a significant negative effect on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). A significantly underrepresented factor in research on OHRQoL is socioeconomic status (SES), particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries such as Libya. This study seeks to assess the relationship between malocclusion and OHRQoL in Libyan school children, as well as to examine the influences of socioeconomic factors. 350 Libyan school children aged 11-12 from both governmental and private schools participated in this study, which employed a cross-sectional design. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ 11-14) were used to assess malocclusion and OHRQoL, respectively. Parental education, income, and occupation are factors used in determining socioeconomic status (SES). Pearson’s correlation and Poisson regression were included in statistical analyses. A noteworthy relationship was found Pearson coefficients (r) and p-value between malocclusion features (DAI parts) and CPQ11-14 scores among 350 Libyan school-children. A significant negative correlation was observed between incisor diastema and the results demonstrated that CPQ11-14 scores increased with increasing severity of malocclusion. Children in grade 4 (DAI ≥36) exhibited the highest mean scores for all oral symptoms (17.2 ± 1.8) and total CPQ11-14 (119.4 ± 5.1), indicating a greater negative impact on oral health-related quality of life. In contrast, children in grade 1 (DAI ≤25) showed the lowest scores for oral symptoms (9.3 ± 1.9) and total CPQ11–14 (86.7 ± 5.9). The female participants faced more severe social and emotional impacts compared to their male counterparts (R 1.22, p < 0.01). This study concluded that malocclusion has a significant negative association with OHRQoL in children aged 11 to 12 years old, in additions socioeconomic status play an important effect on that relation. Females report considerably greater emotional and social effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahadia Abdalrahman, Emni Elshaali, Fatheia Efhima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histopathological Effects of Reserpine Treatment Using Fluoxetine and Hordeum vulgare Extract on Some Vital Organs in Rats Depression Model
The current study set out to examine the histopathological effects of reserpine (Res) with fluoxetine (Flux) and Hordeum vulgare aqueous extract (HVE) in a rat model with subchronic depression. The tissues of the liver, kidney, testes, and brain were examined histopathologically. Liver histological changes include inflammatory leucocyte infiltration and mild hydropic degradation of the hepatocytes. When compared to a liver portion containing only Res, the liver section including Res, Flux, and HVE demonstrated a higher level of restoration and hepatocyte improvement. Degeneration of renal tubules and interstitial capillary congestion were observed in the kidney treated with Res. Where the kidney received Res., Flux., and HVE, found with normal interstitial tissues, also the Bowman capsules with the glomerulus and renal tubules were normal. The testis that was generated with Res. showed an uneven layer of spermatogonia, necrosis of the lining germinal epithelium, and significant degeneration of seminiferous tubules. The testis, however, is almost under control with normal seminiferous tubules and the entire structure after receiving Res., Flux., and HVE. Rats exposed to Res. exhibited brain abnormalities, including the presence of dead neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the second and third layers of the cortex. Additionally, fluoxetine-exposed individuals exhibited pyramidal cell death and Purkinje cell loss, as well as atrophy, degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation. After receiving Res., Flux., and HVE, the brain displayed a high level of restoration and some indications of recovery, including a regression in the size of the degenerative vacuoles. In conclusion, light microscopic analyses revealed that Fluoxetine showed partial protective effects against reserpine-induced histopathological alterations. on the brain, testis, liver, and kidney. In these tissues, however, HVE and fluoxetine showed improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wafaa Younis, Waleed Koko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Moringa-Enriched Diets on Proximate Composition of Fish Muscle and Feed Formulation
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera at two levels (30% and 50%) on the proximate chemical composition of fish muscle and experimental diets. A total of three groups were investigated: a control group and two treatment groups fed diets supplemented with Moringa at 30% and 50%, respectively. Proximate analysis included protein, fat, moisture, ash, carbohydrates (in fish muscle), and fiber (in diets). The results revealed that the proximate composition of fish muscle showed no statistically significant differences among groups (P > 0.05). Protein content slightly increased from 18.63 ± 1.95% in the control group to 19.32 ± 0.67% and 20.96 ± 0.42% in the Moringa 30% and 50% groups, respectively. Fat content decreased from 7.67 ± 1.35% (control) to 4.86 ± 0.19% and 4.96 ± 0.92% in treated groups. Moisture content remained relatively stable (71.27 ± 0.12%, 71.45 ± 0.24%, and 70.87 ± 0.26%), while ash content showed slight variation (2.11 ± 0.35%, 3.49 ± 0.50%, and 2.71 ± 0.55%). Carbohydrate levels were low across all groups, ranging from 0.50 ± 0.10% to 0.79 ± 0.09%. In contrast, the proximate composition of the experimental diets exhibited highly significant differences (P < 0.001). Protein content decreased from 30.12 ± 0.49% in the control diet to 22.02 ± 0.09% and 21.25 ± 0.15% in Moringa 30% and 50% diets, respectively. Fat content increased markedly from 2.70 ± 0.03% to 25.43 ± 0.17% and 35.41 ± 0.32%. Moisture content decreased from 10.50 ± 0.11% to 8.78 ± 0.02% and 6.86 ± 0.06%, while ash content declined from 6.28 ± 0.04% to 3.51 ± 0.06% and 3.96 ± 0.02%. Fiber content increased significantly from 3.63 ± 0.01% (control) to 4.38 ± 0.01% and 4.19 ± 0.014% in the treated diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of Moringa oleifera at 30% and 50% levels significantly altered the nutritional composition of the diets, particularly increasing fat and fiber while reducing protein and moisture content. However, these dietary changes did not significantly affect the proximate composition of fish muscle. These findings suggest that Moringa can be incorporated into fish diets without adverse effects on muscle nutritional quality, despite notable modifications in feed composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aml Younes, Basit Abdullah, Sultana Hussien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Local Conversion Models to Estimate the Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Soil Paste Extracts from Water Dilution Extracts (1:1, 1:2, 1:5) in the Haflez and Kambut Depressions, Eastern Tobruk, Libya
This study aimed to develop local conversion models between ECe and extract dilution ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:5) in three semi-arid depressions in eastern Libya. A total of 45 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the Hafilz (HZ), Southern Kambout (K1), and Northern Kambout (K2) depressions, following a stratified–spatial sampling design. Laboratory analyses were conducted using standard methods, and linear and quadratic regression models were developed, with performance evaluated using R², RMSE, and five-fold cross-validation. The results showed significant variation in salinity between the depressions (p < 0.001), with K2 recording the highest average (9.40 dS m⁻¹). Quadratic models outperformed linear ones, especially at high salinity levels (R² ≈ 0.995 for 1:1), with high stability in cross-validation. ANCOVA analysis revealed differences in conversion coefficients between the depressions (p < 0.05), emphasizing the need for local calibration. The study recommends using the 1:1 extract ratio as the primary operational model, with quadratic models applied in high-salinity environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Abas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Risk and Systemic Failures during Cyclone Daniel: A Case Study of the Derna Flood Disaster in Libya
The catastrophic flooding in Derna, Libya, in September 2023, following Cyclone Daniel, resulted in extensive loss of life and critical infrastructure destruction. This research systematically analyzes the multiple failures that worsened the disaster, with particular attention to Early Warning Systems (EWS) and vital service infrastructure performance. Through a mixed-methods survey of residents (n=300) and advanced statistical analyses, including structural equation modeling (SEM) and regression analysis, we identified a cascade of systemic failures originating from a critically deficient EWS. Results reveal that while 60% of respondents were aware of warning systems, only 15% had received any preparedness training, and a mere 14% of the population received a timely and comprehensible warning. An SEM model (CFI=0.95, RMSEA=0.04, SRMR=0.03) delineated a failure cascade in which institutional shortcomings in meteorological forecasting (β=0.72, p<.001) and the subsequent collapse of the Abu Mansour and Al-Bilad dams precipitated sequential failures in power, communications, water, and medical services. Regression analysis identified road conditions (β=0.38, p<.001) and the timeliness of warnings (β=0.29, p<.001) as the primary predictors of evacuation difficulty, accounting for a high proportion of variance (R²=0.77, p<.001). Communication networks were severely compromised, with 60% of respondents experiencing outages exceeding 72 hours. Statistically significant associations were found; prior flood experience positively influenced risk perception (χ² (2) =18.4, p<0.01, Cramer's V=0.18), and receiving a warning was strongly associated with its perceived timeliness (χ² (1) =145.2, p<0.001, Cramer's V=0.45). This "predictable surprise" resulted from fragile infrastructure and socio-institutional failures in the "last mile" of warning delivery. Integrated risk governance combining robust infrastructure with community-centered systems is essential. Increasing the proportion of residents receiving timely warnings from 14% to 80% could significantly reduce potential casualties during future disasters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairi Alennabi, Mahmoud Muftah, Wesam Iwaz, Fouzi Albaseer, Housameddin Elkrew https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0